Schobeiri M.T. Turbomachinery Flow Physics and Dynamic Performance

2nd edition. — Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.XXVI, 725p. 438 illus., 39 illus. in color. — ISBN: 978-3-642-24674-6, e-ISBN: 978-3-642-24675-3, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-24675-3.Provides fundamental principles of Turbomachinery Flow Physics and Dynamic Performance
Successful textbook in its 2nd rigorously updated and enhanced edition incl. new chapters dealing with laminar turbulent transition, turbulence and boundary layer
Written by a leading expert in the field
With this second revised and extended edition, the readers have a solid source of information for designing state-of-the art turbomachinery components and systems at hand.Based on fundamental principles of turbomachinery thermo-fluid mechanics, numerous CFD based calculation methods are being developed to simulate the complex 3-dimensional, highly unsteady turbulent flow within turbine or compressor stages. The objective of this book is to present the fundamental principles of turbomachinery fluid-thermodynamic design process of turbine and compressor components, power generation and aircraft gas turbines in a unified and compact manner. The book provides senior undergraduate students, graduate students and engineers in the turbomachinery industry with a solid background of turbomachinery flow physics and performance fundamentals that are essential for understanding turbomachinery performance and flow complexes.While maintaining the unifying character of the book structure in this second revised and extended edition all chapters have undergone a rigorous update and enhancement. Accounting for the need of the turbomachinery community, three chapters have been added, that deal with computationally relevant aspects of turbomachinery design such as boundary layer transition, turbulence and boundary layer.
Content Level » Research
Keywords » Flow Physics - Fluid Motíon - Turbomachinery - Turbomachinery Performance -Turbomachines
Related subjects » Classical Continuum Physics - Mechanical Engineering - MechanicsTurbomachinery Flow Physics
Introduction, Turbomachinery, Applications, Types
Turbine
Compressor
Application of Turbomachines
Power Generation, Steam Turbines
Power Generation, Gas Turbines
Aircraft Gas Turbines
Diesel Engine Application
Classification of Turbomachines
Compressor Types
Turbine Types
Working Principle of a TurbomachineKinematics of Turbomachinery Fluid Motion
Material and Spatial Description of the Flow Field
Material Description
Jacobian Transformation Function and Its Material Derivative
Spatial Description
Translation, Deformation, Rotation
Reynolds Transport TheoremDifferential Balances in Turbomachinery
Mass Flow Balance in Stationary Frame of Reference
Incompressibility Condition
Differential Momentum Balance in Stationary Frame of Reference
Relationship between Stress Tensor and Deformation Tensor
Navier-Stokes Equation of Motion
Special Case: Euler Equation of Motion
Some Discussions on Navier-Stokes Equations
Energy Balance in Stationary Frame of Reference
Mechanical Energy
Thermal Energy Balance
Total Energy
Entropy Balance
Differential Balances in Rotating Frame of Reference
Velocity and Acceleration in Rotating Frame
Continuity Equation in Rotating Frame of Reference
Equation of Motion in Rotating Frame of Reference
Energy Equation in Rotating Frame of ReferenceIntegral Balances in Turbomachinery
Mass Flow Balance
Balance of Linear Momentum
Balance of Moment of Momentum
Balance of Energy
Energy Balance Special Case 1: Steady Flow
Energy Balance Special Case 2: Steady Flow, Constant Mass Flow
Application of Energy Balance to Turbomachinery Components
Application: Accelerated, Decelerated Flows
Application: Combustion Chamber
Application: Turbine, Compressor
Uncooled Turbine
Cooled Turbine
Uncooled Compressor
Irreversibility and Total Pressure Losses
Application of Second Law to Turbomachinery Components
Flow at High Subsonic and Transonic Mach Numbers
Density Changes with Mach Number, Critical State
Effect of Cross-Section Change on Mach Number
Compressible Flow through Channels with Constant Cross Section
The Normal Shock Wave Relations
The Oblique Shock Wave Relations
The Detached Shock Wave
Prandtl-Meyer ExpansionTheory of Turbomachinery Stages
Energy Transfer in Turbomachinery Stages
Energy Transfer in Relative Systems
General Treatment of Turbine and Compressor Stages
Dimensionless Stage Parameters
Relation between Degree of Reaction and Blade Height
Effect of Degree of Reaction on the Stage Configuration
Effect of Stage Load Coefficient on Stage Power
Unified Description of a Turbomachinery Stage
Unified Description of Stage with Constant Mean Diameter
Generalized Dimensionless Stage Parameters
Special Cases
Case 1, Constant Mean Diameter
Case 2, Constant Mean Diameter and Meridional Velocity Ratio
ncrease of Stage Load Coefficient, DiscussionTurbine and Compressor Cascade Flow Forces
Blade Force in an Inviscid Flow Field
Blade Forces in a Viscous Flow Field
The Effect of Solidity on Blade Profile Losses
Relationship Between Profile Loss Coefficient and Drag
Optimum Solidity
Optimum Solidity, by Pfeil
Optimum Solidity, by Zweifel
Generalized Lift-Solidity Coefficient
Lift-Solidity Coefficient for Turbine Stator
Turbine RotorTurbomachinery Losses, Efficiencies, BladesLosses in Turbine and Compressor Cascades
Turbine Profile Loss
Viscous Flow in Compressor Cascade
Calculation of Viscous Flows
Boundary Layer Thicknesses
Boundary Layer Integral Equation
Application of Boundary Layer Theory to Compressor Blade
Effect of Reynolds Number
Stage Profile Losses
Trailing Edge Thickness Losses
Losses Due to Secondary Flows
ortex Induced Velocity Field, Law of Bio-Savart
Calculation of Tip Clearance Secondary Flow Losses
Calculation of Endwall Secondary Flow Losses
Flow Losses in Shrouded Blades
Losses Due to Leakage Flow in Shrouds
Exit Loss
Trailing Edge Ejection Mixing Losses of Gas Turbine Blades
Calculation of Mixing Losses
Trailing Edge Ejection Mixing Losses
Effect of Ejection Velocity Ratio on Mixing Loss
Optimum Mixing Losses
Stage Total Loss Coefficient
Diffusers, Configurations, Pressure Recovery, Losses
Diffuser Configurations
Diffuser Pressure Recovery
Design of Short Diffusers
Some Guidelines for Designing High Efficiency DiffusersEfficiency of Multi-stage Turbomachines
Polytropic Efficiency
Isentropic Turbine Efficiency, Recovery Factor
Compressor Efficiency, Reheat Factor
Polytropic versus Isentropic EfficiencyIncidence and Deviation
Cascade with Low Flow Deflection
Conformal Transformation
Flow Through an Infinitely Thin Circular Arc Cascade
Thickness Correction
Optimum Incidence
Effect of Compressibility
Deviation for High Flow Deflection
Calculation of Exit Flow AngleSimple Blade Design
Conformal Transformation, Basics
Joukowsky Transformation
Circle-Flat Plate Transformation
Circle-Ellipse Transformation
Circle-Symmetric Airfoil Transformation
Circle-Cambered Airfoil Transformation
Compressor Blade Design
Low Subsonic Compressor Blade Design
Compressors Blades for High Subsonic Mach Number
Transonic, Supersonic Compressor Blades
Turbine Blade Design
Graphic Design of Camberline
Camberline Coordinates Using Bèzier Curve
Alternative Calculation Method
Assessment of Blades Aerodynamic QualityRadial Equilibrium
Derivation of Equilibrium Equation
Application of Streamline Curvature Method
Step-by-step solution procedure
Compressor Examples
Turbine Example, Compound Lean Design
Blade Lean Geometry
Calculation of Compound Lean Angle Distribution
Example: Three-Stage Turbine Design
Special Cases
Free Vortex Flow
Forced vortex flow
Flow with constant flow angleTurbomachinery Dynamic PerformanceDynamic Simulation of Turbomachinery Components
Theoretical Background
Preparation for Numerical Treatment
One-Dimensional Approximation
Time Dependent Equation of Continuity
Time Dependent Equation of Motion
Time Dependent Equation of Total Energy
Numerical TreatmentGeneric Modeling of Turbomachinery Components
Generic Component, Modular Configuration
Plenum as Coupling Module
Group 1: Modules: Inlet, Exhaust, Pipe
Group 2: Recuperators, Combustion Chambers, Afterburners
Group 3: Adiabatic Compressor and Turbine Components
Group 4: Diabatic Turbine and Compressor Components
Group 5: Control System, Valves, Shaft, Sensors
System Configuration, Nonlinear Dynamic SimulationModeling of Inlet, Exhaust, and Pipe Systems
Unified Modular Treatment
Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Modules
Example: Dynamic behavior of a Shock Tube
Shock Tube Dynamic BehaviorModeling of Recuperators, Combustors, Afterburners
Modeling Recuperators
Recuperator Hot Side Transients
Recuperator Cold Side Transients
Coupling Condition Hot, Cold Side
Recuperator Heat Transfer Coefficient
Modeling Combustion Chambers
Mass Flow Transients
Temperature Transients
Combustion Chamber Heat Transfer
Example: Startup and Shutdown of a Combustion Chamber
Modeling of AfterburnersModeling of Compressor Component, Design, Off-Design
Compressor Losses
Profile Losses
Diffusion Factor
Generalized Maximum Velocity Ratio for Cascade, Stage
Compressibility Effect
Shock Losses
Correlations for Boundary Layer Momentum Thickness
nfluence of Different Parameters on Profile Losses
Mach Number Effect
Reynolds Number Effect
Compressor Design and Off-Design Performance
Stage-by-Stage and Row-by-Row Compression Process
Stage-by-Stage Calculation of Compression Proces
Row-by-Row Adiabatic Compression
Off-Design Efficiency Calculation
Generation of Steady State Performance Map
Inception of Rotating Stall
Degeneration of Rotating Stall into Surge
Compressor Modeling Levels
Module Level 1: Using Performance Maps
Quasi-dynamic Modeling Using Performance Maps
Simulation Example
Module Level 2: Row-by-Row Adiabatic Compression
Active Surge Prevention by Adjusting the Stator Blades
Simulation Example: Surge and Its Prevention
Module Level 3: Row-by-Row Diabatic Compression
Description of Diabatic Compressor Module
Heat Transfer Closure EquationsTurbine Aerodynamic Design, Performance
Stage-by-Stage and Row-by-Row Design
Stage-by-Stage Calculation of Expansion Process
Row-by-Row Adiabatic Expansion
Off-Design Efficiency Calculation
Behavior under Extreme Low Mass Flows
Example: Steady Design and Off-Design Behavior
Off-Design Calculation Using Global Turbine Characteristics
Modeling of Turbine Module for Dynamic Performance Simulation
Module Level 1: Using Turbine Performance Characteristics
Module Level 2: Row-by-Row Expansion Calculation
Module Level 3: Row-by-Row Diabatic Expansion
Description of Diabatic Turbine Module, First Method
Description of Module, Second Method
Heat Transfer Closure EquationsGas Turbine Engines, Design and Dynamic Performance
Gas Turbine Steady Design Operation, Process
Gas Turbine Process
mprovement of Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiency
Non-Linear Gas Turbine Dynamic Simulation
State of Dynamic Simulation, Background
Engine Components, Modular Concept, Module Identification
Levels of Gas Turbine Engine Simulations, Cross Coupling
Non-Linear Dynamic Simulation Case Studies
Case Study 1: Compressed Air Energy Storage Gas Turbine
Simulation of Emergency Shutdown
Case Study 2: Power Generation Gas Turbine Engine
Case Study 3: Simulation of a Multi-Spool Gas Turbine
A Byproduct of Dynamic Simulation: Detailed Calculation
Summary Part III, Further DevelopmentTurbomachinery CFD-Essentials
Basic Physics of Laminar-Turbulent Transition
Transition Basics: Stability of Laminar Flow
Laminar-Turbulent Transition, Fundamentals
Physics of an Intermittent Flow
ntermittent Behavior of Statistically Steady Flows
Turbulent/Non-turbulent Decisions
ntermittency Modeling for Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Physics of Unsteady Boundary Layer Transition
Experimental Simulation of the Unsteady Boundary Layer
Ensemble Averaging High Frequency Data
Intermittency Modeling for Periodic Unsteady Flow
Implementation of Intermittency into Navier Stokes Equations
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS)
Conditioning RANS for Intermittency ImplementationTurbulent Flow and Modeling in Turbomachinery
Fundamentals of Turbulent Flows
Type of Turbulence
Correlations, Length and Time Scales
Spectral Representation of Turbulent Flows
Spectral Tensor, Energy Spectral Function
Averaging Fundamental Equations of Turbulent Flow
Averaging Conservation Equations
Averaging the Continuity Equation
Averaging the Navier-Stokes Equation
Averaging the Mechanical Energy Equation
Averaging the Thermal Energy Equation
Averaging the Total Enthalpy Equation
Quantities Resulting from Averaging to Be Modeled
Equation of Turbulence Kinetic Energy
Equation of Dissipation of Kinetic Energy
Turbulence Modeling
Algebraic Model: Prandtl Mixing Length Hypothesis
Algebraic Model: Cebeci-Smith Model
Baldwin-Lomax Algebraic Model
One- Equation Model by Prandtl
Two-Equation Models
Two-Equation k-J Model
Two-Equation k-Ȧ-Model
Two-Equation k-Ȧ-SST-Model
Grid Turbulence
Examples of Two-Equation Models
Internal Flow, Sudden Expansion
Internal Flow, Turbine Cascade
External Flow, Lift-Drag Polar Diagram
Case Study: Flow Simulation in a Rotating Turbine
Results, Discussion
Rotating Turbine RANS, URANS-Shortcomings, DiscussionIntroduction into Boundary Layer Theory
Boundary Layer Approximations
Exact Solutions of Laminar Boundary Layer Equations
Zero Pressure Gradient Boundary Layer
Non-zero Pressure Gradient Boundary Layer
Polhausen Approximate Solution
Boundary Layer Theory, Integral Method
Boundary Layer Thicknesses
Boundary Layer Integral Equation
Turbulent Boundary Layers
Universal Wall Functions
elocity Defect Function
Boundary Layer, Differential Treatment
Solution of Boundary Layer Equations
Measurement of Boundary Flow, Basic Techniques
Experimental Techniques
HWA Operation Modes, Calibration
HWA Averaging, Sampling Data
Examples: Calculations, Experiments
Steady State Velocity Calculations
Experimental Verification
Heat Transfer Calculation, Experiment
Periodic Unsteady Inlet Flow Condition
Experimental Verification
Heat Transfer Calculation, Experiment
Application of ț-Ȧ Model to Boundary Layer
Parameters Affecting Boundary Layer
Parameter Variations, General Remarks
Effect of Periodic Unsteady FlowA Vector and Tensor Analysis in TurbomachineryTensors in Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space
Index Notation
Vector Operations: Scalar, Vector and Tensor Products
Vector or Cross Product
Tensor Product
Contraction of Tensors.
Differential Operators in Fluid Mechanics
Substantial Derivatives
Differential Operator /
Operator / Applied to Different Functions
Scalar Product of / and V
Vector Product / × V
Tensor Product of / and V
Scalar Product of / and a Second Order Tensor
Eigenvalue and Eigenvector of a Second Order TensorB Tensors in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate Systems
Change of Coordinate System
Co- and Contravariant Base Vectors, Metric Coefficients
Physical Components of a Vector
Derivatives of the Base Vectors, Christoffel Symbols
Spatial Derivatives in Curvilinear Coordinate System
Application of / to Zeroth Order Tensor Functions
Application of / to First and Second Order Tensor Functions
Application Example 1: Inviscid Incompressible Flow Motion
Equation of Motion in Curvilinear Coordinate Systems
Special Case: Cylindrical Coordinate System
Base Vectors, Metric Coefficients
Christoffel Symbols
Introduction of Physical Components
Application Example 2: Viscous Flow Motion
Equation of Motion in Curvilinear Coordinate Systems
Special Case: Cylindrical Coordinate System